THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011

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                  Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat              PAGE:-  1
                      Result Notification No. :1865 / 2011
THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The following candidates are hereby declared successful at the THIRD YEAR
  B.C.A.(Fifth Semester) Examination held by this University in NOVEMBER-2011

     PASS  :

          1     4     5     6     7     9    10    11    13    16    19
         21    26    27    28    29    30    31    32    34    39    40
         42    44    45    46    49    52    55    56    58    60    61
         63    64    66    67    68    69    71    74    79    80    81
         83    84    86    87    88    90    92    93    94    95    96
         98    99   100   101   102   103   104   105   106   114   115
        118   119   120   121   122   123   124   125   126   127   128
        129   131   133   134   135   136   137   138   139   140   141
        142   143   144   147   149   153   154   155   156   157   158
        160   161   163   164   165   166   167   168   169   170   171
        174   176   177   178   179   180   181   183   184   185   187
        188   190   191   192   193   196   197   198   199   200   201
        202   203   204   205   206   207   208   209   210   211   212
        213   214   215   216   217   218   220   221   223   224   225
        226   227   228   229   230   231   232   234   235   236   237
        239   240   241   243   244   245   246   247   248   249   250
        251   254   255   256   257   258   259   260   261   262   263
        264   265   266   267   268   270   271   272   273   274   275
        276   277   278   279   280   281   282   283   284   285   286
        287   288   289   290   292   293   294   295   297   300   301
        302   303   304   305   306   307   308   309   310   311   312
        313   315   316   317   318   319   320   322   323   324   325
        327   328   329   332   333   334   335   336   337   338   339
        340   341   342   343   344   345   346   348   349   350   351
        352   353   354   355   356   357   358   359   360   361   362
        363   364   365   366   368   369   370   372   373   375   376
        377   378   379   380   381   382   383   384   385   386   387
        388   389   391   392   393   394   395   396   397   398   399
        400   401   403   404   405   406   407   408   409   410   411
        412   413   414   415   416   417   418   419   420   421   422
        423   424   425   426   427   428   429   430   431   432   433
        434   435   436   438   439   440   441   442   443   444   445
        446   447   448   449   450   451   452   453   454   455   456
        457   458   459   460   461   462   463   464   465   466   467
        468   469   470   471   472   473   474   475   476   477   478
        479   480   481   482   483   484   485   486   487   488   489
        490   491   492   495   496   497   498   499   500   501   502
        503   504   505   506   507   508   509   510   511   512   513
        514   515   516   517   518   519   520   521   522   523   524
        525   527   528   529   530   531   532   533   534   535   536
        537   538   539   540   541   542   543   544   545   546   547
        548   549   550   551   552   553   554   555   556   557   558
        559   560   561   562   563   564   565   566   567   568   569
        570   571   573   574   575   577   580   581   582   583   584
        585   586   587   588   589   590   591   592   593   594   595
        596   597   598   599   600   601   602   603   604   605   606
        608   610   612   613   615   616   618   619   620   621   622
        623   624   626   629   632   633   634   635   637   638   640
        641   642   643   644   646   649   650   653   656   659   660
        661   662   663   664   666   667   668   669   670   671   672
        675   678   679   680   681   682   683   684   685   686   687



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat              PAGE:-  2
                      Result Notification No. :1865 / 2011
THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     PASS  :

        688   690   691   692   693   694   695   696   698   699   702
        703   707   708   709   710   711   713   714   715   716   717
        718   719   720   721   723   724   725   726   727   729   730
        734   735   736   742   744   745   746   747   748   749   750
        751   752   753   754   755   756   758   759   760   761   763
        764   765   767   768   769   770   771   772   773   774   777
        778   779   780   781   783   784   785   786   787   788   789
        791   792   793   794   795   796   797   798   800   802   803
        804   805   806   807   808   809   810   811   812   813   814
        815   816   818   819   820   821   822   823   824   826   827
        828   830   831   832   833   835   836   837   839   840   841
        842   843   844   845   846   847   848   849   850   851   852
        853   854   855   856   857   859   860   862   864   865   866
        867   868   869   870   871   872   873   874   875   876   877
        878   879   880   881   882   883   884   885   886   887   888
        889   890   891   892   893   894   895   896   897   898   899
        900   901   902   903   904   905   907   908   909   910   911
        912   913   914   915   916   917   918   919   920   921   922
        923   925   926   927   928   929   930   931   932   933   934
        935   936   937   938   939   940   941   942   945   946   947
        948   949   950   951   952   953   954   955   958   960   961
        962   963   964   965   966   967   968   969   970   971   972
        973   974   975   976   977   978   979   980   981   982   983
        984   985   986   987   988   989   990   991   992   993   994
        995   996   997   998   999  1000  1001  1002  1003  1004  1005
       1007  1008  1009  1011  1012  1013  1014  1015  1016  1017  1018
       1019  1020  1021  1023  1024  1025  1026  1028  1029  1031  1033
       1034  1035  1036  1037  1038  1039  1040  1041  1043  1044  1045
       1046  1047  1048  1049  1050  1051  1052  1053  1054  1055  1056
       1057  1058  1059  1060  1061  1062  1063  1064  1065  1066  1067
       1068  1069  1071  1072  1073  1075  1076  1077  1079  1080  1081
       1082  1084  1085  1086  1087  1088  1089  1090  1091  1092  1093
       1094  1095  1097  1098  1099  1100  1101  1102  1103  1104  1105
       1108  1109  1110  1112  1113  1114  1116  1117  1118  1119  1120
       1121  1122  1123  1125  1126  1127  1128  1129  1130  1131  1132
       1133  1134  1139  1140  1143  1144  1145  1146  1148  1149  1150
       1151  1152  1153  1154  1155  1156  1157  1158  1159  1160  1161
       1162  1163  1164  1165  1166  1167  1168  1171  1172  1173  1174
       1175  1176  1177  1178  1179  1180  1181  1182  1183  1184  1185
       1186  1187  1188  1189  1190  1191  1192  1194  1196  1197  1198
       1199  1200  1201  1202  1203  1205  1206  1207  1208  1209  1210
       1211  1212  1213  1215  1216  1217  1218  1219  1220  1221  1222
       1223  1224  1225  1226  1227  1228  1229  1230  1231  1232  1233
       1234  1235  1236  1238  1240  1242  1243  1244  1245  1246  1247
       1248  1249  1250  1251  1252  1253  1254  1255  1256  1257  1258
       1259  1260  1262  1263  1264  1265  1266  1267  1268  1269  1270
       1271  1280  1281  1282  1285  1288  1289  1291  1292  1294  1296
       1298  1300  1301  1302  1303  1304  1305  1306  1310  1311  1312
       1316  1318  1320  1327  1329  1330  1332  1333  1334  1335  1336
       1337  1338  1339  1340  1341  1342  1343  1344  1345  1346  1347
       1348  1349  1350  1351  1352  1353  1354  1356  1357  1358  1359
       1360  1361  1362  1363  1364  1365  1366  1367  1368  1369  1370
       1371  1372  1374  1375  1377  1379  1380  1381  1382  1383  1384
       1385  1386  1387  1388  1390  1391  1392  1393  1394  1396  1397
       1399  1400  1401  1402  1403  1405  1407  1408  1409  1410  1412



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat              PAGE:-  3
                      Result Notification No. :1865 / 2011
THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011 
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     PASS  :

       1413  1414  1415  1416  1417  1418  1419  1420  1421  1422  1424
       1425  1426  1427  1428  1429  1430  1431  1432  1433  1434  1435
       1436  1437  1438  1439  1440  1441  1442  1443  1444  1445  1446
       1447  1448  1449  1450  1451  1452  1453  1454  1455  1456  1457
       1458  1459  1460  1461  1462  1463  1464  1465  1466  1467  1468
       1469  1470  1471  1473  1474  1475  1478  1479  1480  1481  1482
       1483  1484  1486  1487  1488  1489  1490  1491  1492  1493  1494
       1496  1497  1498  1500  1501  1502  1503  1504  1505  1508  1509
       1510  1511  1512  1513  1514  1515  1516  1517  1518  1519  1520
       1521  1522  1523  1524  1525  1526  1527  1528  1529  1530  1531
       1532  1534  1538  1539  1540  1541  1542  1543  1544  1545  1546
       1547  1548  1551  1552  1553  1554  1555  1556  1557  1558  1559
       1560  1561  1562  1563  1565  1566  1567  1568  1569  1572  1574
       1576  1577  1578  1579  1580  1581  1582  1583  1584  1585  1586
       1587  1588  1589  1590  1591  1595  1596  1597  1599  1600  1601
       1602  1605  1606  1607  1608  1609  1614  1615  1616  1617  1618
       1619  1621  1622  1623  1624  1625  1626  1627  1628  1629  1630
       1631  1632  1633  1634  1636  1637  1639  1640  1641  1642  1643
       1644  1646  1647  1648  1649  1650  1651  1652  1653  1654  1655
       1657  1658  1659  1660  1661  1662  1663  1664  1665  1666  1667
       1668  1669  1670  1673  1674  1675  1677  1678  1680  1682  1683
       1684  1685  1686  1687  1688  1689  1690  1692  1693  1694  1695
       1696  1697  1698  1699  1700  1701  1702  1704  1705  1706  1707
       1708  1709  1710  1711  1712  1713  1714  1715  1716  1717  1718
       1719  1720  1721  1722  1723  1724  1725  1726  1727  1728  1731
       1732  1733  1734  1735  1736  1737  1738  1739  1740  1741  1742
       1743  1744  1745  1746  1747  1748  1749  1750  1751  1752  1753
       1754  1755  1756  1757  1758  1759  1760  1761  1762  1763  1764
       1765  1766  1767  1769  1770  1771  1772  1773  1774  1775  1776
       1777  1779  1780  1781  1782  1784  1785  1786  1787  1788  1790
       1791  1792  1793  1794  1795  1797  1798  1799  1800  1801  1802
       1803  1804  1805  1806  1807  1808  1809  1810  1811  1812  1813
       1814  1815  1816  1817  1819  1820  1821  1822  1823  1824  1825
       1826  1827  1828  1829  1830  1831  1832  1833  1834  1836  1837
       1838  1839  1840  1841  1842  1843  1844  1845  1846  1847  1848
       1849  1850  1851  1852  1853  1854  1855  1856  1857  1858  1859
       1860  1861  1862  1864  1865  1866  1867  1868  1870  1872  1875
       1876  1877  1878  1879  1881  1882  1883  1884  1886  1888  1889
       1890  1891  1892  1893  1894  1896  1897  1898  1899  1900  1901
       1902  1903  1904  1905  1907  1908  1909  1910  1911  1912  1913
       1914  1915  1916  1917  1918  1919  1920  1923  1924  1925  1926
       1927  1928  1929  1930  1931  1932  1933  1934  1937  1938  1939
       1940  1941  1942  1943  1944  1945  1947  1948  1949  1950  1951
       1953  1954  1955  1956  1958  1959  1960  1961  1962  1963  1966
       1967  1968  1969  1970  1971  1973  1974  1975  1979  1980  1981
       1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1989  1990  1992  1993  1994
       1995  1996  1997  2000  2001  2002  2004  2005  2007  2008  2009
       2010  2011  2012  2014  2015  2016  2018  2019  2020  2021  2022
       2023  2024  2026  2027  2028  2030  2032  2033  2035  2036  2039
       2040  2042  2044  2045  2046  2049  2050  2051  2052  2054  2056
       2057  2058  2059  2061  2062  2063  2064  2065  2066  2067  2068
       2069  2070  2071  2072  2073  2075  2076  2078  2079  2080  2082
       2083  2084  2085  2086  2087  2088  2089  2090  2091  2092  2093
       2094  2096  2097  2098  2100  2101  2102  2103  2104  2105  2106
       2107  2108  2109  2110  2111  2112  2113  2114  2115  2116  2117

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat              PAGE:-  4
                      Result Notification No. :1865 / 2011
THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     PASS  :

       2118  2121  2122  2123  2124  2126  2128  2129  2130  2131  2133
       2134  2135  2136  2137  2138  2139  2140  2141  2142  2143  2144
       2145  2146  2147  2148  2149  2151  2152  2154  2155  2156  2158
       2160  2161  2162  2163  2164  2165  2166  2167  2168  2169  2170
       2171  2172  2173  2174  2175  2176  2177  2179  2180  2181  2182
       2183  2184  2186  2187  2189  2190  2191  2192  2193  2194  2195
       2196  2197  2198  2200  2201  2203  2204  2205  2206  2207  2208
       2209  2210  2211  2212  2213  2214  2215  2216  2217  2218  2219
       2222  2223  2224  2226  2227  2229  2230  2232  2233  2234  2235
       2241  2243  2247  2249  2250  2251  2252  2253  2254  2255  2256
       2257  2258  2259  2260  2261  2263  2264  2265  2267  2268  2269
       2270  2273  2274  2275  2277  2278  2280  2281  2282  2283  2284
       2286  2287  2288  2289  2290  2291  2292  2293  2294  2295  2297
       2298  2299  2300  2301  2302  2303  2304  2305  2306  2307  2308
       2309  2310  2311  2313  2315  2316  2317  2318  2319  2320  2323
       2325  2326  2327  2328  2329  2330  2332  2333  2334  2335  2336
       2337  2338  2339  2340  2341  2342  2343  2344  2345  2346  2347
       2348  2349  2353  2354  2356  2361  2363  2364  2365  2366  2367
       2368  2369  2370  2371  2372  2373  2374  2375  2377  2379  2383
       2384  2385  2387  2389  2391  2393  2394  2395  2396  2397  2398
       2399  2400  2401  2402  2403  2404  2405  2406  2407  2408  2409
       2410  2412  2413  2414  2415  2417  2418  2419  2420  2421  2422
       2423  2424  2425  2426  2427  2428  2429  2430  2431  2432  2433
       2434  2435  2436  2437  2438  2439  2440  2441  2442  2443  2444
       2445  2446  2447  2448  2449  2450  2451  2452  2453  2454  2455
       2456  2457  2458  2459  2460  2461  2462  2463  2464  2465  2466
       2467  2468  2469  2470  2471  2472  2473  2474  2477  2478  2479
       2480  2481  2482  2483  2484  2485  2486  2487  2488  2489  2490
       2491  2492  2493  2494  2495  2496  2497  2498  2499  2500  2501
       2502  2503  2504  2505  2506  2507  2509  2510  2511  2512  2513
       2514  2515  2517  2518  2519  2520  2522  2524  2525  2526  2527
       2528  2529  2530

    FORM WITHDRAWN :

        326  1406  1783  1863  1885  1895  1921  1936

     CANCELLED      :

       2411

  TOTAL RESULT     : 84.13 %
  PASS CLASS       : 2115
  FAIL             : 399

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following candidates are hereby declared successful at the THIRD YEAR
B.C.A.(Fifth Semester) (OLD COURSE) Examination held by this University in         NOVEMBER-2011

     PASS  :

       3001  3002  3003  3004  3005  3007  3008  3014  3025  3028  3029
       3030  3031  3033  3036  3037  3038  3046  3048  3049  3056  3058
       3059  3060  3063  3064  3065  3069  3073  3075  3076  3077  3084
       3085  3086  3090  3091  3092  3094  3095  3096  3098  3103  3104
       3105  3106  3107  3108  3109  3111  3116  3117  3118  3119  3120
       3121  3122  3123  3124
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Surat              PAGE:-  5
                      Result Notification No. :1865 / 2011
THIRD YEAR B. C. A.( Fifth (OLD & NEW)& Sixth Semester ) Examination, NOVEMBER-2011 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     CANCELLED      :

       3024

  TOTAL RESULT     : 57.84 %
  PASS CLASS       : 59
  FAIL             : 43

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following candidates are hereby declared successful at the THIRD YEAR B.C.A.(Sixth Semester)Examination held by this University in NOVEMBER-2011

     PASS CLASS :

         13    15    18    20

     The result of the following candidates is WITHHELD whose cases falls UNDER O.165
     as they have not passed their Lower Examination :

          3     6    12    25    34

  TOTAL RESULT     : 17.39 %
  PASS CLASS       : 4
  FAIL             : 19


No. Exam/BCA/14935/of 2011,
Office of the Veer Narmad South Gujarat
University, Surat
29 December 2011


                              CHECKED BY          CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS

Timer Concept Using Preprocessor

#include <time.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

clock_t startm, stopm;

#define START if ( (startm = clock()) == -1) {printf("Error calling clock");exit(1);}

#define STOP if ( (stopm = clock()) == -1) {printf("Error calling clock");exit(1);}

#define PRINTTIME printf( "%6.3f seconds used by the processor.", ((double)stopm-startm)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC);

Usage:

main() {

     START;

     // Do stuff you want to time

     STOP;

     PRINTTIME;

}

Akash Tablet in Gujarat

20 Students of Gujarat was invited in launching of Akash Ubislate Tablet computer in New Delhi. The "Akash" or "sky" was launched by by Kapil Sibal, the Human Resources Development Minister. The original cost of the tablet is Rs. 2,250 but Central Government decided to give tablet computer to some selected students in just Rs. 1100. Among all selected students of India, 20 students from Gujarat was selected , they get an Akash tablet to bring it home, they all are chosen to use the world’s Cheapest tablet computer, after that they will give feedback regarding to tablet. Students will use it and find what problems they facing while using it and what benefits they get while using it. 

Akash is in its Beta (testing face) version because there may be chances of technical fault in Akash. When all students get tablet, which will change the life of students. We will have not to carry heavy books daily because we can store all EBooks in little tablet and can open it when our class will going on. Obviously our bag size and weight will be decreased. Now we have to wait to get Akash! 

How to get laptop battery efficiency in windows

If you have a laptop that runs Windows 7,you can test how efficient it is by using the efficiency calculator.The calculator generates loads of useful information about power consumption and can give you an idea of how to boost your battery life and overall performance.To get to the efficiency calculator, you need to open a command prompt as administrator by typing ‘cmd’ (without the quotes) from the Start menu.

When the cmd icon appears, right-click it and choose ‘Run as administrator’. Now type in ‘powercfg -energy’ (without quotes)and hit Enter. Windows 7 will now scan your system looking for ways to improve power efficiency. It will then publish the results in an HTML file, usually in the System32 folder. Just follow the path it gives you to find your report
.

Google Gravity

Google Gravity
visit this:
http://mrdoob.com/projects/chromeexperiments/google_gravity/ 

you can also play with each pieces of google page by using mouse...

n-joy... :)

Defination Of All Languages

	Machine Language refers to the "ones and zeroes" that digital processors use as instructions. Give it one pattern of bits (such as 11001001) and it will add two numbers, give it a different pattern (11001010) and it will instead subtract one from the other. In as little as a billionth of second. The instruction sets within a CPU family are usually compatible, but not between product lines. For example, Intel's x86/Pentium language and Motorola's PPC/Gx language are completely incompatible. Machine Language is painfully difficult to work with, and almost never worth the effort anymore. Instead programmers use the higher-level languages below, which are either compiled or interpretted into machine language by the computer itself.
	Assembly Language is as close as you can come to writing in machine language, but has the advantage that it's also human-readable... using a small vocabulary of words with one syllable. Each written instruction (such as MOV A,B) typically corresponds to a single machine-language instruction (such as 11001001). An assembler makes the translation before the program is executed. Back when CPU speed was measured in kiloHertz and storage space was measured in kiloBytes, Assembly was the most cost-efficient way to implement a program. It's used less often now (with all those kilo's replaced by mega's or giga's, and even tera's on the horizon, it seems no one cares anymore about efficiency), but if you need speed and/or compactness above all else, Assembly is the solution.
	C [successor to the language "B"] offers an elegant compromise between the efficiency of coding in assembly language and the convenience and portability of writing in a structured, high-level language. By keeping many of its commands and syntax analagous to those of common machine languages, and with several generations of optimising compilers behind it, C makes it easy to write fast code without necessarily sacrificing readability. But it still tempts you write code that only a machine can follow, which can be a problem when it comes time to debug it or make changes. Free and commercial tools (most of which now also support C++) are available from various sources for just about every operating system.
	C++ ["C" with the C instruction to "increment"] is probably the most widely-supported language today, and most commercial software is written in C++. The name reflects why: when it was introduced it took all the benefits of the then-reigning development language (C) and incrementally added the next set of features programmers were looking for (object oriented programming). So programmers didn't have to throw anything out and re-do it... but they could add those techniques to their repertoire as needed. OO purists hate the results, but it's difficult to argue with that success. Free and commercial tools are available from various sources for just about every operating system. (Objective-C is an alternate approach to adding OO characteristics to C (borrowing directly from SmallTalk), which hasn't attracted as large a community of users.)
	C# ["C++" with the plus signs overlapping, pronounced "C sharp", equivalent to D] is actually Microsoft's answer to Java. They originally tried to release "Java" development tools that would produce apps that weren't truly portable; you could only use them on Windows. But this violated their licensing agreement with Sun (creators of Java), who successfully put a stop to that. So Microsoft turned around and produced a language with similar features that effectively is tied to Windows. Although they are submitting the language to a standard-setting body, for all practical purposes it's just a proprietary variant of C++ whose specs they'll dictate, available only from Microsoft, and practical only for Windows.
	Java [slang for "coffee"] is kind of a streamlined version of C++, designed for portability. Its key advantage is that Java programs can be run on any operating system for which a Java "virtual environment" is available. (Programs in most other languages have to be modified and recompiled to go from one OS to another.) The language is defined by Sun and widely licenced to other companies, making it possible to run Java apps in web browsers, portable phones, desktop computers, web servers, etc. It isn't as fast as applications written in a compiled language like C++, however. Free and commercial tools are available from various sources for most current operating systems. Although Microsoft is removing support for Java from the default setup of new versions of Windows, it can easily be added back in.
	Pascal [mathematician/philosopher Blaise Pascal] was designed primarily as a tool for teaching good programming skills, but - thanks largely to the availability of Borland's inexpensive Pascal compiler for the early IBM PC - it has become popular outside of the classroom. Unlike many languages, Pascal requires a fairly structured approach, which prevents the kinds of indecipherable "spaghetti code" and easily-overlooked mistakes that plague programmers using languages such as Fortran or C. Free and commercial tools are available from various sources for DOS, Windows, Mac, OS/2, AmigaOS, and Unix-like systems. The web site editor BBEdit is written in Pascal.
	Delphi [home of the Greek oracle Pythia] is a non-standard, object-oriented version of Pascal developed by Borland for their rapid application development tool of the same name. The Delphi environment was designed to compete with Microsoft's Visual Basic tools, freeing the programmer from having to write all the code for the user interface by letting her drag and drop objects and attach functions to various buttons and other on-screen elements. Its ability to manipulate databases is another strength. Commercial tools are available from Borland for Windows and Linux.
	Oberon [a moon of Uranus] is a later sibling of Pascal and Modula (sharing a parent, creator Niklaus Wirth). The name also refers to the operating environment in which the language was designed to be used.
	Turing [computer scientist Alan Turing]
	BASIC ["Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code"] is the first language that most early microcomputer users learned. The BASIC interpreters on those machines weren't very sophisticated or fast, largely due to the memory and speed limitations of the hardware, and the language encouraged sloppy coding. As an unknown pundit put it: "BASIC is to computer languages what Roman numerals are to arithmetic" Modern versions of BASIC are more structured and often include compilers for greater speed. Free and commercial tools are available from various sources for DOS, Windows, Mac, and Unix-like systems.
	Visual Basic [a version of "BASIC" for graphical environments] is Microsoft's Jack of all Trades language. It's a cross between BASIC, the various macro languages of Microsoft Office, and some rapid application development tools. The idea was to get people started writing macros using VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), then sell them the whole VB programming tool when they run into the limits of that approach. Unfortunately VB apps are impossible to port to other environments, and you're at the mercy of Microsoft's changing specs for the language. (Programs written in VB6 or earlier will not run properly in VB.NET!) Available only from Microsoft, only for Windows.
	Euphoria ["a state of bliss"] is described by its creator as "simple, flexible, and easy-to-learn", and its supportive community of users agree. Although powerful, it's not prone to allowing "dangerous" mistakes. It's an interpreted language, but quicker than most, and it can be converted into C code, which can then be compiled using an optimising compiler. The interpreter and C converter (for both Windows/DOS and Linux/FreeBSD) are available free, or with some bonus features when registered for a modest fee.
	Ada [proto-programmer Lady Ada Byron] Based largely on Pascal, it was commissioned by the U.S. Dept. of Defense to create a standard language to replace the polyglot they had amassed over the decades. It's commonly accused of being typical of government committee work, but has many strengths, including its error-handling and the ease of maintaining and modifying programs. Furthermore, government studies :) indicate that it's more cost-effective than C++, Pascal, or Fortran. The current version includes object-oriented features.
	Icon [perhaps from "iconoclastic", pre-dating the current use of the term in graphical interfaces] is a high-level, imperative, procedural language. Text-handling is one of its strengths. Storage is allocated dynamically. Full versions exist for Unix-like systems, Windows, and Java envronments; older versions exist for pre-OS-X Macs and other operating systems.
	Smalltalk ["easy conversation"] The object-oriented, graphical Smalltalk development environment is what inspired Steve Jobs and later Bill Gates to "invent" the Mac OS and Windows interfaces. Focusing on the superficial aspects of it (windows and mice) they missed the real gem: the language.
	Squeak [the sound a mouse makes] is a variant of SmallTalk, created by alumni of the Xerox PARC (where SmallTalk and the computer mouse were invented) and of Apple, who are now working at Disney (home of a famous mouse). It's a deliberately open system, with even the Squeak interpreter itself written in Squeak. This makes it highly portable (it's available for Mac OS, Windows (95 and later), WinCE, Unix-like systems, BeOS, OS/2, and RISC OS), and makes it possible for a programmer to modify the language itself. The interpreter, optional compiler, and everything else are free.
	Eiffel [engineer Gustave Eiffel] is an object-oriented language available for Windows, Unix-like systems, and VMS.
	Ruby [the birthstone for July (following "perl" for June)] combines some of the best features of several other languages, leaving behind many of their shortcomings. It's a pure object-oriented language like Smalltalk, but with clearer syntax (inspired by Eiffel). It has powerful text-handling like Perl, but is better structured and more consistent. It borrows ideas (but not the parentheses) from Lisp. Those who've tried it seem to love it, and rarely switch back to their previous languages. A free interpreter is available for Windows, Unix-like, Mac, OS/2, and BeOS systems.
	Python [comedy troupe Monty Python] is an open-source, interpreted object-oriented language developed for Unix and now available for everything from DOS to Mac OS to OS/2 to Windows to Unix-like systems. It shares many positive attributes with Ruby, and adds the ability to run it on any machine that supports Java. It's often criticised, however, for not being as purely object-oriented as other languages.
	M / MUMPS ["Massachusetts (General Hospital) Utility Multi-Programming System"] is a procedural, interpreted language, originally used for medical records (hence the cutsy acronym that many of its users are trying to get away from) and widely used where multiple users access the same databases simultaneously. It's inherently portable, as it stores all data in text format; text handling is one of its strengths. Its much-loved concision (commands can be a single letter) can make the code difficult for humans to read, however. Available in free and commercial versions for Windows, Unix-like systems, VMS, Mac OS, and others.
	Macromedia Director and Flash are the de facto tools of choice for developing web sites featuring dynamic media. They're not really "languages", though both include a bit of their own scripting. Instead they're GUI development environments for producing "source code" modules containing both data and instructions, which can in turn be "compiled" into executable programs. As tools for creating snazzy graphical user interfaces, they are top-notch, but they require some separate back-end programming for anything that will require processing or manipulating data.
	Similarly, Apple's HyperCard is a primarily visual tool, so different from regular development methods that "real" programmers have never taken it seriously, and even Apple has never figured out how how to market it (currently associating it with their QuickTime video technology). It's remarkably powerful, especially when used with the many extensions available for it. For example, it was good enough for the creators of Myst, one of the best-selling (and arguably best) computer games ever.
	Rexx ["REstructured eXtended eXecutor language"] aims to control everything... or at least it offers to.
	Perl ["Practical Extraction and Report Language"] is often treated as synonymous with "CGI scripting". In fact, Perl is even older than the Web itself; it got its nose into the Web-scripting tent and thrived due to its strong text-processing abilities, incredible flexibility (its creator likens it to duct tape), portability (it's available for nearly every modern operating system), and price (free). The Internet Movie Database and Yahoo both run on it.
	TCL ["Tool Command Language", pronounced "tickle"] can interact well with text-based tools like the powerful editors, compilers, etc. found on Unix-like systems, and its TK extension gives it access to graphical interfaces like Windows, Mac OS, and X-windows, acting as "glue" to tie together standard components to accomplish complex tasks. This modular approach is the conceptual foundation on which Unix itself was based.
	Pike [after... a fish] is yet another open-source, free language, invented through personal necessity, and now developed by Roxen Internet Software of Sweden. It's has strong data handling and object-oriented tools. Its syntax is similar to C, and can be extended to take advantage of compiled C libraries and modules to improve performance, available for most Unix-like systems.
	Dylan ["DYnamic LANguage"] is "an advanced, object-oriented, dynamic language which supports the rapid development of programs."
	Lisp ["LISt Processing"] is "a programmable programming language", built on the concept of recursion and highly adaptable to vague specifications. Avoid it if you find parentheses unappealing (its syntax tends toward a proliferation of nested parentheses), but its ability to handle problems that other languages cannot is one of the reasons this 40+-year-old language is still in use. There's an entire cross-platform web server written in it.
	Scheme ["an organised plan"]
	Logo is an educational language. It isn't just used to teach programming, but to teach. Full stop. The learning curve is shallow enough for even small children to get started quickly (giving instructions to the "turtle"), but it's powerful enough for an experienced user to do a great deal with it. It's derived from Lisp, but with a much simpler syntax. It is interactive and interpreted, which is part of what makes it such a good learning tool: immediate feedback allowing immediate adaptation. Various implementations are available for most modern (and not-so-modern) computers.
	ToonTalk is a highly-visual environment designed to teach children the principles of programming. Rather than typing instructions, the programmer manipulates various objects (LEGO-looking toy items that come to life when used) to define how the system is supposed to work. Unlike "educational" puzzle-solving computer games, ToonTalk encourages its users to create their own puzzles. Experienced C++ programmers will hate it, but then, most 4th-graders wouldn't care for C++. :-) It's available for Windows only.
	Other languages claim to be visual, but Prograph ["PROGRAmming GRAPHically"] is a truly visual programming language, in which the diagrams and flowcharts that describe what the program does are the program.
	Prolog ["PROgramming in LOGic"] As an independent study project in college, I wrote a Prolog application which evaluated and proved (if possible) arguments in propositional logic (e.g. "A implies B, and A is true, therefor B is true") a task which would have been much more difficult using a procedural language.
	Mercury [messenger god of the Greek pantheon]
	Haskell [mathematician/logician Haskell Brooks Curry] is a functional language, meaning that it is used to describe what should be computed, not how to compute it. (Spreadsheets use a similar approach.)
	O'Caml ["Objective Categorical Abstract Machine Language"]
	COBOL ["COmmon Business-Oriented Language"] is the language modern programmers love to hate and ridicule. Although it is nearly as old as commercial computing itself, improperly blamed for Y2K issues, and its imminent extinction is frequently predicted, it is still in widespread use due to its usefulness for traditional business uses of processing data and producing reports. A version with object-oriented tools has even been created, with an inexpensive integrated development environment for Linux and Windows available. It is very verbose, designed so that its commands would describe in English exactly what it was doing. e.g. ADD SHIPPING-CHARGE TO INVOICE-SUBTOTAL
	Fortran ["FORmula TRANslation"] is the oldest language still in general use, dating back to 1957, the year the Space Age began. It excels at the first task computers were called on for: number-crunching. This is the language that literally put a man on the moon, and some of the features it developed in the process of that project (and other less glamorous ones) have yet to be duplicated in other, more "modern" languages.
	Erlang [mathematician Agner Erlang; also "ERicsson LANGuage"] was originally developed for use by telecom firm Ericsson, but has been released to the public as open source software. It's a low-level language in the sense that it allows the programmer to control things that are often left to the operating system, like memory management, concurrent processing, loading changes to the program while it's running, etc... all of which can be useful in programming small devices (like the ones Ericsson makes). compiled
	REBOL ["Relative Expression-Based Object Language"]
	Clarion
	dBASE ["DataBASE"] (renamed "Xbase" to avoid trademark issues) was the command language for Ashton-Tate's ground-breaking database management program (the first such tool for microcomputers). As the program grew, so did the language, until it became an application development tool in its own right. At its zenith, various competing implementations and compilers were available and the language became standardised. Xbase didn't make the transition to Windows very well, but it's still being used and supported (kind of the COBOL of the microcomputer age).
Finally, there is one dead language that I feel deserves special recognition:
	Plankalkül [German for "plan calculation"] is an under-recognised "first" of computing history: a high-level general-purpose programming language. It was formulated by German inventor Konrad Zuse to run on the "Z3" computer he'd designed (his third). This was during and immediately after World War II, more than a decade before FORTRAN came along, working alone without funding or academic support, and he got the system to play chess, no less. Much of his work was lost in Allied bombings, and with history being written by the victors... computing history has generally ignored him.

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